The Ethical Systems of Kant and Mill Essay - 2185 Words

The ethical systems of Kant and Mill: A comparison and contrast Ricardo Renta What part does happiness play in determining the morality of an act in a situation? Can a concept that ties morality to the search of happiness truly be rational? What of the opposite? Is it possible to view every situation with objectivity, never taking into account an emotion (like happiness)? The questions above concern themselves with the part of the central tenets of the ethical views of two very important philosophers, respectfully: John Mill and Immanuel Kant. The ethical theories that these two philosophers laid out clash with each other in fundamental ways, from how reason was defined, to the role that â€Å"happiness† played in determining the ethical†¦show more content†¦The second formulation, which Kant titled â€Å"Humanity As An End In Itself â€Å", simply states that true morality stems from ones interactions with people. In this formulation, Kant states that humanity is an end in itself, and should never be treated as a mean. What Kant meant by th is is that humans, being rational creatures, should never be treated as objects to reach an end, but that the way you treat them should be an end in itself. Kant argued that by objectifying another person, or possibly even yourself, you are undermining the human potential of rationality and will. John Mills system of ethics, was very much different than that of Kants. Mills system, which he based on utilitarianism, placed happiness and morality on the same side of the proverbial coin, rather than on opposing sides. For Mill, the foundation of morality rested upon the level of happiness (or absence of suffering) that a decision would bring. This is not to say that the happiness of one trumps all else, however. Instead, Mills theory states that the most ethical choice that can be made is the one that brings the most happiness to largest amount of people. This allows Mills system to check unbridled selfishness, making you take into account the feelings of others. In keeping with the theme of happiness/pleasure, Mill believed that there existed two basic types of pleasure: pleasuresShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill1261 Words   |  6 Pagesthat inspire the action, or the consequences that result from the action?† Second, the philosophers I am going to disc uss throughout this paper are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Now before I tell you my answer to this question I am going to explain these who these two philosophers are and what their viewpoints on ethics are. Immanuel Kant was born in what is now Germany in 1724 and died in 1804 and was the type of philosopher to act out of duty. He believes that actions should be performed outRead MoreThomas Mill And Immanuel Kant Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is really ethical? What is right? What is wrong? What are the factors involved in making the distinction between killing and letting die? What is the difference between killing one to save five and leaving one to die while rescuing five? Philippa Foot created a thought experiment that presents two cases known as Rescue I and Rescue II. In these cases, one must create a dissimilarity between doing and allowing. They must ask themselves what would be the moral thing to do. Philosophers have triedRead MoreLast Year, One Of The Most Talked About Mainstream Movies1636 Words   |  7 PagesDoss served with distinction at Hacksaw Ridge, saving approximately 75 people, including enemy soldiers, as a medic. For his bravery, Doss became the first ma n in American history to earn the Medal of Honor without firing a bullet. To discern the ethical issues of this movie, it is useful to examine a scene from Hacksaw Ridge (2016) that is emblematic of the potential pitfalls the movie possesses. Late in the film, Doss (played by Andrew Garfield) is scavenging the now quiet battlefield for woundedRead MoreThe Best Fit890 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant was one of the best philosophers in the 17th century, and created the Categorical Imperative, and John Stuart Mill was one of the best philosopher on the 18th century, and created The Utilitarianism ethical system, but which one made the best moral theory that best fits our culture and community? As we have seen in Chapter 7, ethics differs from culture to culture. In our culture we developed ourselves wanting materials and adventures that gives us pleasure and happiness. The ethical systemsRead MoreEssay on The Golden Rule in Kant and Mills Ethical Theories1320 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose. The two most important philosophers that deal with ethics are Im manuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Kant’s ethical theory is Kantianism or deontological ethics. Mill’s ethical theory is utilitarianism. Both philosophers’ theories have many differences; Kant’s theory deals with conduct, seeking reason for good action in duty. Mill’s theory deals with consequences and maximizing human happiness. However both Kant and Mill’s ethics relate to the important biblical principal of the Golden RuleRead MoreFord Pinto Case For A Defective Fuel System903 Words   |  4 PagesFORD PINTO ASSIGNMENT The Ford Pinto case involved the explosion of Ford Pinto s due to a defective fuel system. The fuel system was designed in a way that even with a small hit the car would explode. After the cost-benefit analysis, Ford decided to go with its original gas tank designed despite the crash-test result. At that time Ford thought that would be the most ethical decision for the business. But later in 1978 media paid more attention to the Pinto gas tank stories, which resulted in accidentsRead MoreThe Trolley Problems875 Words   |  4 Pagesin that the two cases are two morally different ways of presenting the same dilemma. The key difference between the switch case and the platform case is the directness of the consequences of one’s actions. I will argue using Kant’s deontological ethical theory why one should pull the lever but not push the backpacker because of the different affects on morality that arises with the change in role you play in each scenario. When presented with the switch case a utilitarianist and most people wouldRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill1206 Words   |  5 Pagesmorality, there is no right answer to dilemmas only different opinions. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers with two different views on a person’s moral conscious. Kant believes morality is a duty that people should hold above their own happiness. On the other hand, Mill believes happiness is the goal of morality and the more happiness is acquired at the end is the most moral. According to Immanuel Kant, morality is a duty people must hold above their own happiness. For something toRead MoreComparing Political Philosophy Theories1095 Words   |  5 PagesAssociate Level Material Ethical Theory Comparison Chart Respond to the prompt for each of the five ethical theories listed. One section on each chart has been filled in as an example. What is good? (1–2 sentences) Aristotle – Virtue EthicsMill – UtilitarianismKant – DeontologyConsequentialismNodding – Care Ethicswhat would you say is our principal or highest objective by nature? According to Aristotle, it is the attainment of happiness, for it is that alone that we seekRead MoreEthical Theory and Bullying in Sports1462 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿BULLYING IN SPORTS AND ETHICAL THEORY Introduction In contemporary American sports, coaches can, at times, be extremely temperamental and my resort to bullying tactics to try to motivate their players to get them to perform at their highest possible level. This may take the form of face-to-face confrontation in which coaches challenge individual players in private, or it may take the form of publicly humiliating individual players or groups of players in front of the rest of the team to motivate

Classical And Operant Conditioning, Discovered By. Skinner...

Classical and Operant conditioning, discovered by B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov, are two types of behavioral theories in psychology used to describe why a certain person may respond in various ways to different situations. Ms. Larson’s ideas are not working simply because she is employing positive reinforcement, when she should employ positive punishment. A positive reinforcement is when a person adds stimulation to the environment (ie. Ms. Larson Scolding the class) in order to increase behavior. Positive punishment however, is when a person adds stimulation to the environment in order to decrease behavior. Ms. Larson wanted to decrease the students’ behavior, therefore positive punishment would have been ideal. Given this, Ms. Larson could have added stimulation such as a prize given to the student with the best behavior at the end of each week. Operant conditioning is used to describe the reaction of the environment based off of the addition of stimuli. There are four types of this conditioning, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive reinforcement is when stimuli is added to the environment in order for a behavior to increase, a great example of this would be Ms. Larson Scolding her class (added stimuli) as the students continue to act unruly. (Behavior increased) Next there is negative reinforcement, which is when something is taken away in order for the environment to increase behavior. If a class isShow MoreRelatedEssay Operant Conditioning1743 Words   |  7 PagesIvan Pavlov Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning, It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlov’s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlov’s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. WhileRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MoreIvan Pavlov, John Watson, And B. F. Skinner1272 Words   |  6 Pagestheory presented by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. Learning, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is described as the modification of a behavioral tendency by experience. In psychology terms, learning is often known as a lasting change in behavior as a result of experience. The psychology behind learning became more and more of a focus in the early 1900’s as behaviorism (the theory that human, and animal, behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning) rose to fame upon theRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning Theory Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagestheories of Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner, John Bowlby (1958), and Mary Anisworth (1979) Two important learning theories of behaviorist perspective are classical and operant conditioning and are two important concepts to psychology. The processes are different but they both result in learning. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behaviour through the process of association. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) discovered the concept of classical conditioning whilstRead MoreBehaviorism As A Psychological Theory Of Human Development942 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment also known as conditioning. Conditioning is a learning process in which an environment stimulus elicits a response, and an individual learns from the association between that stimulus and response. (Cherry, 2010 ) Among John B. Watson s studies of behaviorism there were several others who contributed towards the idea behind behaviorism. Ivan Pavlov was a major contributor to the theory of behaviorism. Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered the idea of conditioning through his observationalRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words   |  4 Pagesanalysis of behavior can be traced back to Pavlov. Pavlov focused on the behavior of animals. History of Behaviorism The history of behaviorism began in the early 20th century in North America. A psychologist by the name of John Watson was the person who brought forth the concept of behaviorism; Watson wanted to create an objective science of psychology. The whole inspiration for behaviorism comes from Watson’s interest of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, who studied animal learning. The behaviorismRead MoreSimilarities Between Pavlov, John B. Skinner And Classical Conditioning1316 Words   |  6 Pageswere Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. These men played a huge part in exploring the process of learning. While Watson and Pavlov focused on classical conditioning, Skinner worked with operant condition, and Bandura experimented with observational learning. All in all, these psychologist discovered many things about the process of learning, many of which I can apply to my own life experiences. Ivan Pavlov spent most of his time studying classical conditioning, a typeRead MoreThe Theory of Operant Conditioning1136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Theory of Operant Conditioning PSY390 October 6, 2014 Introduction The study of human behavior by psychologists such as B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, and Watson is fascinating. These five psychologists each have different theories on human behavior. There are similarities and differences in each of the theories. Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory, studied animals and formed the basis for behavioral psychology (Cherry, 2013). Edward Thorndike’sRead MoreBtec Unit 8,P1 Health and Social Essay1253 Words   |  6 Pagestheories to help explain how we learn, Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In this task I will attempt to describe and evaluate this approach. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian Physiologist. At the end of the 19th century Pavlov was conducting research into the physiology of digestion in dogs. During an experiment he discovered something very interesting about the dogs’ behaviour and started studying it. He came up with the theory of classical conditioning, which lead on to more research intoRead MoreBehaviourism: Classical Conditioning and Neutral Stimulus2992 Words   |  12 Pagesbehavior. One of the best-known aspects of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning. Discovered by Russian physiologist  Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It s important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov s classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone

Ethics and Sustainability Investors and Shareholders

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Sustainabilityfor Investors and Shareholders. Answer: Principles Trends Driving Corporate Ethics and Sustainability Article - Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Identifying and Describing the Principles Trends that Drive Corporate Ethics and Sustainability Sustainability reporting grows gradually but the tools are still driving. As mentioned by Cavalieri (2007) as sustainability continue to increase the importance inside the organizations around the globe. However, the demands for accountability are also growing widely. It is observed that they come from the diverse players, which could vary by sector and geography. The drivers include changing needs of the customers, employees, investors, shareholders and policy markers. Thus, each group acquires its own interest. Another trend that drives business ethics and sustainability is CFOs role in sustainability. It is observed that CFO of the company were usually not deeply engaged in sustainability efforts considering them. The CFO plays an important role in forming the investor relations and providing the external reporting and assurance. There have some other trends such as transparency, quality, corporation and protection of the environment that have wide impact on the business ethics and the sustainability. While reviewing the transparency, it is learnt that transparency is creating the influence with some opposition to become a significant condition of access and permanence. In this context, Cavalieri (2007) commented that information is a significant aspect of democratic life as it permits people to make relevant and conscious decisions. Furthermore, the trends also exist in the form of the labor rights. Due to the change in the political environment, the workers increase the demands because of the continuous support from the labor union. Hence, the organizations need to enhance the strategies of satisfying the needs of workers through corporate principles. Evaluating the Relevance of the Article It is evident that every business industry has become dynamic; thereby, the needs and demands of people are changing. Therefore, there is a significance of business ethics and sustainability. This article has been reviewed based on the topic and the organization that are selected for the group assignment. Business ethics positively influence the operation of the company. The organization chosen for the group assignment highly maintains the business ethics to avoid the external business obstacles. The business usually relies on the sustainability strategy. Thu, most of the large organizations prefer to implement sustainability strategies in the form of execution of CSR activities. Thus, sustainability in business is one of the significant aspects. On the contrary, business ethics should also be considered while planning for the future expansion of business. In order to increase the sales, expand the market share and gains external stability in business, it is necessary for the organiz ation to comply with the regulation set for trading. While running the business in the global environment, it is mandatory for the company to implement the regulations developed by the country. Non-compliance with the regulation could lead to undesired consequence (Cavalieri 2007). The organization may get into the trouble of breaching the laws, which could tarnish the brand image in the market. Providing Recommendation The article provides an insight regarding the significance of business ethics and sustainability. However, a gap found in the article, which clearly shows the author has missed out the discussion the strategies or the business models that are required to deal with the changing needs that have wide impact on the sustainability management. The author should add a discussion on the strategy formulation in terms of sustainability and business ethics. For example, the organizations both the SMEs and the large organizations need to incorporate ethics into the significant strategies. Hence, they could develop a sustainable business model. On the contrary, another suggestion should be provided regarding the application of business ethics. The research should be conducted on the fact how country regulations, trade laws affect the operation of the business. The article can be further extended by considering the operation of a particular organization. Part Two Topic: Appraising CSR from the perspective of a range of stakeholder interests at a national and international level Article: The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Employees- Summarizing the Article Briefly The article provides an insight about the influence of CSR activities on employees. In the last few years, industries have witnessed a significant increase of societys overall focus on the issues regarding the sustainable progress. The article makes it clear that the above-mentioned trend could largely affect both organizations as well as consumers. On the discussion of the article, Stancu, Grigore and Rosca (2011) have mentioned that the concept of sustainable development is developed in the scientific lecture. The concept has further included the implementation of community development, corporate citizenship, and social responsibility. Therefore, the organizations in the present era have started developing and implementing the social responsibility. The article also suggests that organizations and the society should have to work together and this approach could add value for parties engaged. The initiative also brings new market opportunities to the organization. The article concer ning the benefits of CSR finds out some significant aspects such as growth in sales, market share, strengthens brand position and develops the corporate identity. The article also presents a literature review that provides the insight regarding how the organizations are in the rush of engaging themselves in CSR activities. By implementing the appropriate research methodology, the study collects the outcome in terms of the engagement in the CSR activities of the organization. The article includes an intensive primary analysis. The purpose of the article was to gain a better understanding of how the employees of the large and small organization consider the CSR activities. Thus, the finding from the survey conducted brings in different significant aspects. It is observed that majority of the respondents consider that respecting workers right and providing them the faire wages and safety at the workplace is the most crucial dimension (Stancu, Grigore and Rosca 2011). The article also provides an insight that women are more likely to involve in the CSR activities in comparison with men. Article Appraising CSR from the Perspective of a Range of Stakeholder Interests at a National and Internal Level It is observed that organizations both in national and international business environment are not involved in implementing the CSR activities have to deal with the increasing external issues. It is necessary for the organizations to engage themselves in the CSR activities (Stancu, Grigore and Rosca 2011). For example, while running the operation out from the local domestic market, it is advisable for the company to hire the employees from that market. Hence, the organizations directly contribute to the increase of employment rate. By doing this, firms receive support from countrys government despite the political instability. In addition to this, in order to gain the trust of stakeholders like customers, the organizations need to perform the CSR activities. For example, the social campaigns like promoting awareness regarding HIV disease helps the community to understand such as initiative. This sort of initiative helps the organization to increase the market share. On the contrary, p roviding the necessary benefits to the workers helps to control the turnover rate. This can also be considered as the social contribution. Evaluating the Relevance of the Article The article provides a deep understanding regarding the importance of sustainability and the implementation of CSR activities. The study provides a critical analysis about how the organizations are implementing the initiatives as the corporate responsibilities. The chosen article is relevant to the group assignment as this article also talks about CSR activities that have large impact on the employees. Likewise, in the group assignment, an organization has been chosen, which has wide involvement in CSR activities. The assignment discusses about how the organization has enhanced its performance by contributing to CSR activities and at the same time satisfying the needs of employees. The discussion conducted in the article helps to observe increasing importance of marketing stakeholder was emphasized on American Marketing Association. The authors nourish this concept, which means the concept extends beyond satisfying customer needs and to include other relevant stakeholders, which coul d affect organizations and the organizational activities. On the contrary, the organizations have started engaging themselves in the CSR activities to satisfy the needs or to respond to external demand (Stancu, Grigore and Rosca, 2011). The organizations also understand the positive effects of Corporate Responsibilities. Thus, it can be mentioned that article highlights the significance of CSR activities and its future consequence. Providing Recommendations It is obvious that article highlights some significant aspects associated with the implementation of the CSR activities. The author provides the evidences of CSR execution and provides the consequences. The research includes an intensive primary analysis to measure the impact of CSR activities. However, the research did not particularly consider any organization to observe the impact. The research also lacks a secondary analysis, which could have exposed the results of CSR activities implemented by the organizations. In addition, author of the article may consider a real scenario of CSR activities or the organization. Reference list: Cavalieri, E., 2007. Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility.Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, (2), pp.24-34. Stancu, A., Grigore, G.F. and Rosca, M.I., 2011. The impact of corporate social responsibility on employees.International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research,21, pp.11-17.